Introduction

Postman, David. “‘Battle in Seattle’ brings back memories of WTOan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations riots.” The Seattle Times 18  September 2008.

Post Intelligencer Staff. “The WTOan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Case File: The shrimp-turtle case.” Seattlepi.com, Business 23  November 1999.

Globalization and the Environment

World environmental summit delegates call for new world environmental agency.” People’s Daily Online  4 February 2007. 

Baslar, Kemal. The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in International Law. The Hague:  Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.

Butler, Rhett. “Deforestation in the Amazon.” Mongobay.com.

Cone, Marla. “World environmental officials weigh proposals to cut mercury emissions.” The Los Angeles Times. Posted to the Seattle Times 24 February 2005.

Esty, Daniel C. and Maria H. Ivanova. “Making International Environmental Efforts Work: The Case for a Global Environmental Organization.” New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, 2001.

Murray, Iain. “Global Warmingthe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world. FAQ: What every citizen needs to know about global warmingthe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world..” Competitive Enterprises Institute 16 July 2006.  

Simonis, Udo E. “Global Environmental Governance: Speeding up the debate on a world environment organization.”  Berlin: Science Center Berlin, 2002.

Are International Trade and Protection of the Environment Enemies?

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. “Early Years: Emerging environment debate in GATTAt the Bretton Woods conference following World War II, representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and 40 other countries created GATT to reduce barriers to international trade. It was an agreement not an organization. The functions of GATT were taken over by the World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations when it was established in 1990./WTOan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations.” World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Environment: History.

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeAt the Bretton Woods conference following World War II, representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and 40 other countries created GATTAt the Bretton Woods conference following World War II, representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and 40 other countries created GATT to reduce barriers to international trade. It was an agreement not an organization. The functions of GATT were taken over by the World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations when it was established in 1990. to reduce barriers to international trade. It was an agreement not an organization. The functions of GATTAt the Bretton Woods conference following World War II, representatives of the United States, Great Britain, France, Russia, and 40 other countries created GATT to reduce barriers to international trade. It was an agreement not an organization. The functions of GATT were taken over by the World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations when it was established in 1990. were taken over by the World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations when it was established in 1990.: Article XX. 1947. World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations.

The Tuna-Dolphin Case

105th Congress. “International Dolphin Conservation Act.” Public Law 105-42. .

Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Service, Protected Resource Division. “The Tuna- Dolphin Issue,” in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, ed. W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig, and J.G.M. Thewissen. .

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. “EU versus US: ‘son of dolphin-tuna.’” World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Environment: Disputes Five.    

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. “Mexico etc. versus US: ‘tuna-dolphin.’” World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Environment: Disputes Four.

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. “The World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations in Brief.” World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. 

The Environment and NAFTAa treaty between the U.S., Canada and Mexico, which eliminated tariffs on many products traded between the three countries. It also protects intellectual propertyIntellectual property refers to the creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary or artistic works, and the symbols, names, and designs used in commerce. and outlines the removal of investment restriction amongst the three countries.

Commission for Environmental Cooperation. Citizen Submissions on Enforcement Matters. Comission for Environmental Cooperation.

Commission for Environmental Cooperation. Grants for Environmental Cooperation. Comission for Environmental Cooperation.

Kelly, Mary E. NAFTAa treaty between the U.S., Canada and Mexico, which eliminated tariffs on many products traded between the three countries. It also protects intellectual propertyIntellectual property refers to the creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary or artistic works, and the symbols, names, and designs used in commerce. and outlines the removal of investment restriction amongst the three countries.’s Environmental Side Agreement: A Review and Analysis. Austin: Texas Center for Policy Studies, 1993. 

The Washington Post. “The U.S. Congress Voter’s Database: 103rd Congress 1st Session.” Washington Post.

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations.  “Marrakesh Agreements Establishing the World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations.” World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Uruguay RoundA World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations round of trade negotiations, which took place between September 1986 and April 1994. Agreement.

The Shrimp-Turtle Case in the New WTOan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Context

Appellate Body of the World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products: Report of the Appellate Body. World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations WT/DS58/AB/R, 1998.

Post Intelligencer Staff. “The WTOan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Case File: The shrimp-turtle case.” Seattlepi.com, Business 23 November 1999.

The Doha Mandate on the Environment

 “The Doha Round and Round and Round.” The Economist 31 July 2008..

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations. “Trade and Environment: The Trade and Environment Committee, and Doha  Preparations.”

World Trade Organizationan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Doha WTOan international body dealing with the rules of trade between participating nations Ministerial 2001: Briefing Notes.

Trade in Wildlife

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.

Get Active: 9 ways to Make a Statement About Fur.” FurIsDead.com.

Report on Elephant Poaching and Ivory Trade in the Amboseli Area.” Amboseli Trust for Elephants 14 February 2009.

Begley, Sharon. “Extinction Trade: Endangered Animals are the New Blood Diamonds as militias and warlords use poaching to fund death.” Newsweek 10 March 2008.

Engler, Maylynn and Rob Parry-Jones. The Role of the European Union in Wildlife Trade. Brussels: TRAFFIC Europe, 2007.

Kilner, Derek. “Elephant Poaching Increasing in Kenya.” VOAnews.com 27 February 2009.

Leakey, Richard. “Ivory Auction a Disservice to Conservation.” WildlifeDirect: The Hard Conservation Questions October 2008.

McConell, Tristan. “Is China Killing Africa’s Elephants.” Global Post. April 7, 2011.

Mukumbira, Rodrick. “1st Legal Ivory Auction in Ten Years Yields $1,300,000.” National Geographic 28 October 2008.

National Geographic. “Grisly Wildlife Trade.” Youtube. .

PETA. “Eva Menendez Reveals All.” The PETA Files 6 December 2007.

RENCTAS. 1st National Report on the Traffic of Wild Animals. Brasília: Dupligráfica Publishing Company,  2001.

Traxler, Chuck. “Federal Wildlife Investigation Leads to Felony Conviction of Two Minnesota Women for Traffickingin the context of “human trafficking,” it is the illegal recruitment and trade of people to be exploited against their will. in Illegal Wildlife.” USFWS Public Affairs 13 Jan 2009. 

Spread of Invasive Species

“2008-2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan.” NISC.

Agriculture Internet Monitoring System. Brochure on Invasive Plants. NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management.

Garhan, Lisa. “Biofuel Crops: Panacea or Pandora’s Box?” Weed Science Society of America 26. November 2007.

Lee Greg, Christine Hucal and Doug Galante. “Zebra Mussels vs. Sea Lamprey in the Great Lakes.” University of Michigan.

Nonindigenous Invasive Species. “Channa argus.” USGS:NAS.

Smith, Jeffrey M. “Genetically Modified Corn Study Reveals Health Damage and Cover-up.” Spilling the Beans 11 July 2005.

Steiner, Achim. “Time to Get Tough on Alien Species.” United Nations Environment Programme 22 May 2009.

United Nations Environment Programme “UN Celebrates International Biological Diversity Day by  Highlighting Threat of Invasive Alien Species.” UNEP News Release 01/55 22 May 2001.

U.S. Forest Service. Invasive Plant Pest Species of South Carolina. The Clemson University, 2008.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. “Invasive Plants Defined: What They Are and What They Are Not.” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuge System.

Vaugh, Tom and Deborah Weisberg. “Invasive Fish Species are Proving a Shock to the Ecosystemthe whole web of relationships among a particular environmental habitat and the plants, animals, and human beings who depend on it..” New York Times 7 October 2006.

Weed Science Society of America.

Youtube. “Invasive Species.” Youtube.com 2 February 2008.

Loss of Biodiversity“the variability among living organisms for all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.”

Convention on Biological Diversity. Rio De Janeiro: United Nations, 5 June 1992.

Baumgartner, Johann. Biodiversity“the variability among living organisms for all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.” that Mitigates Pests in Agroecosystems. ELCI/UNEP BPSP: Managing Agricultural Resources for Biodiversity“the variability among living organisms for all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.” Conservation, 2001.

Central Intelligence Agency. “Country Comparisons: GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) 2008.” CIA World Fact Book.

Convention on Biological Diversity. “Global Biodiversity“the variability among living organisms for all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.” Outlook 1.” Convention on Biological Diversity  2001.

Costanza Robert, et al. “The Value of the World’s Ecosystemthe whole web of relationships among a particular environmental habitat and the plants, animals, and human beings who depend on it. Services and Natural Capital.” Nature vol. 387 15 May 1997.

Hails, Chris, et al eds. “Living Planet Report 2008.” World Wildlife Fund, 2008. 

Loh, Jonathan, et al eds. “2010 and Beyond: Rising to the Biodiversity“the variability among living organisms for all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.” Challenge.” World Wildlife Fund, 2008.

Roberson, Emily. “Nature’s Pharmacy, Our Treasure Chest: Why We Must Conserve Our Natural  Heritage.” Medicinal Plants at Risk: Native Plant Conservation Campaign 2008.

UN Environment Programme. “Biodiversity“the variability among living organisms for all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.” Loss—It Will Make You Sick.” UNEP Press Release, 24 April  2008.

UN Environment Programme. “TUNZA: Acting for a Better World 2003.” UNEP 2003.

World Wildlife Fund. “WWF Mission and Guiding Principles.” WWF International.  

Youtube. “Helping the World by Preserving Biodiversity“the variability among living organisms for all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.”.” Youtube.com 11 June 2007.

Oceans

 “Coral Reef Destruction and Conservation.” World Prout Assembly, 5 April 2007.

Basler, Kernel. The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in International Law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.

Hardin, Garrett. “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Science vol. 162, 1968 pp. 1243-1248.

Pareti, Samisoni. “Operation Save Our Coral Reefs.” Island Business April 2008.

UN Atlas of the Oceans. “Human Settlements on the Coast: The Ever More Popular Coasts.” UN Atlas of  the Oceans: Uses.  

UN Environment Programme. “GEO-3: Global Environment Outlook.” UNEP 2000.

Desertification

Convention to Combat Desertification: Status of Ratification and Entry into Force. Rio de Janeiro: United  Nations, 1992.

Dialo, Hama Arba. “Desertification: A Threat to the Livelihoods of Millions of the World’s Poorest People.”  IPS News June 2007.

UN Convention to Combat Desertification. “Executive Secretary Urges the GEF Assembly to designate the GEF as a Financial Mechanism of the UNCCD.” UNCCD Press Release 28 August 2002.

UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Education Kit on Desertification: Learning About Desertification, A Teacher’s Guide. UNESCO.

Global Warmingthe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Changethe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world.: Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto: United Nations, 1997.

Earth Policy Institute. “Eco-Economy Indicators” Earth Policy Institute 2008.

Environmental News Service. “Record Increase in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reported.” ENS 18  April  2006.

Bradsher, Keith. “China to Pass U.S. in 2009 in Emissions.” New York Times 7 November 2006. .

Gallagher, Kelly Sims. “Bush’s Hot Air Plan.” International Relations Center: Foreign Policy in Focus 19  February 2002.

Krugman, Paul. “The Conscience of a Liberal.” International Herald Tribune 18 June 2008.

McGregor, Richard. “China Urges Rich Nation to Lead on Climate.” Financial Times 4 June 2007.

Schelling, Thomas C. “What Makes Greenhouse Sense?”  Foreign Affairs vol. 81 no. 3, May/June 2002.

UN Environment Programme. “Evidence of Human-Caused Global Warmingthe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world. ‘Unequivocal,’ says IPCC.”  UNEP Press Release  2 February 2007.

National Geographic. “Effects of Global Warmingthe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world..” National Geographic , 2007.

The White House. “Issues: Energy and Environment.” The White House, 2009.

UN Framework Convention on Climate Changethe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world.. “Facing and Surveying the Problem.”  UNFCCC: Essential Background. .

US Environmental Protection Agency. “National Goal to Reduce Emissions Intensity.” EPA Climate  Change—U.S. Climate Changethe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world. Policy 17 February 2009.  

Youtube. “Global Warmingthe worldwide rise in temperatures that has been blamed for severe weather in many parts of the world. 101.” Youtube.com 18 May 2007.  

Ozone Depletiona decline of ozone in the atmosphere

Nations Ramp Up Phase-out of Ozone Killers.” MSNBC 23 September 2007.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Montreal: United Nations, 1987.

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Vienna: United Nations, 1985.

Clark, Jim. “Uses of Halogenalkanes.” 2003.

Krupa, Sagar V. and Hans-Jurg Jager. “Adverse Effects of Elevated Levels of Ultraviolet (UV)-B Radiation and Ozone (O3) on Crop Growth and Productivity.” Natural Resources Management and  Environment Department,1996. 

Multilateralmultiple countries working together to on a specific issue Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol. “Welcome.” Multilateralmultiple countries working together to on a specific issue Fund, 2003.

Sparling, Brien.  “Stratospheric Ozone Depletiona decline of ozone in the atmosphere.” US National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Educational Resources.

The Ozone Hole.

UN Environment Programme. “Backgrounder: Basic Facts and Data on the Science and Politics of Ozone Depletiona decline of ozone in the atmosphere.” UNEP September 2008.

US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “Ozone Hole Watch.” NASA, 5 June 2009.

Pollution

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.  Basel: United Nations, 1992.

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Stockholm: United Nations, 2001.

O’Neill, Kate. “Hazardous Waste Disposal.” International Relations Center: Foreign Policy In Focus vol. 4  no. 1, January 1999.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentA group of the world’s most advanced and wealthiest economies that is both a forum for and an active participant in debates about international economic policies. It was established in 1961 and now has 34 members, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, and most members of the European Union.. “OECDA group of the world’s most advanced and wealthiest economies that is both a forum for and an active participant in debates about international economic policies. It was established in 1961 and now has 34 members, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, and most members of the European Union. Environmental Data Compendium 2006-2008.” OECDA group of the world’s most advanced and wealthiest economies that is both a forum for and an active participant in debates about international economic policies. It was established in 1961 and now has 34 members, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, and most members of the European Union., 2008.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentA group of the world’s most advanced and wealthiest economies that is both a forum for and an active participant in debates about international economic policies. It was established in 1961 and now has 34 members, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, and most members of the European Union.. “OECDA group of the world’s most advanced and wealthiest economies that is both a forum for and an active participant in debates about international economic policies. It was established in 1961 and now has 34 members, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, and most members of the European Union. Environmental Outlook.” OECDA group of the world’s most advanced and wealthiest economies that is both a forum for and an active participant in debates about international economic policies. It was established in 1961 and now has 34 members, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, and most members of the European Union., 2001.

Schafer, Kristin S. “Global Toxic Treaties: U.S. Leadership Opportunity Slips Away.” International  Relations Center: Foreign Policy In Focus vol. 7 no. 11, September 2002.

Shaw, RP. “International Policy Dimensions of Population and Environment.” 1991

Is Sustainable Developmentdevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. the Way Forward?

Agenda 21. Rio de Janeiro: United Nations, 1992.

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro: United Nations, 1992.

Beatley, Timothy. “Planning for Sustainability in European Cities: A Review of Practices in Leading Cities,” in The Sustainable Urban Development Reader, ed. Stephen Maxwell Wheeler and Timothy Beatley, (Routledge: 2004),  249-258.

Doyle, Alister and Ed Stoddard. “Powell Jeered as Earth Summit Settles Pact.” Reuters 4 September 2002.

World Commission on Environment and Development. “Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development.” United Nations, 1987.

Yin Shao Loong. “The Battle of Bali: The Last Stop Before the World Summit on Sustainable Developmentdevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs..” Third World Network June 2002.

Next: Suggested Readings