|
|
Introduction
Associated Press. (2012, November 28). Amazon deforestation hits record low. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/nov/28/amazon-deforestation-record-low
Post Intelligencer Staff. (1999, November 23). WTO case file: The shrimp-turtle case. Seattle PI. Retrieved from http://www.seattlepi.com/business/case1.shtml
Postman, D. (2008, September 18). Battle in Seattle’ brings back memories of WTO riots. The Seattle Times. Retrieved from http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008187167_battle18m0.html
Globalization and the Environment
Baslar, K. (1998). The concept of the common heritage of mankind in international law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.Butler, R. (n.d.). Deforestation in the Amazon. Retrieved from http://www.mongabay.com/brazil.html
Cone, M. (2005, February 24). World environmental officials weigh proposals to cut mercury emissions. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/il/022405great_lakes.htm
Environmental summit delegates call for new world environmental agency. (2007, February 04). Retrieved from http://english.people.com.cn/200702/04/eng20070204_347389.html
Etsy, D. C., & Ivanova, M. H. (2001). International environmental efforts work: The case for a global environmental organization. In New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy.
Johnson, S. (2012, June 21). Rio 20 has been a success on one front – rejecting a weo. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2012/jun/21/rio-20-world-environment-organisation
Murray, I. (2006, July 16). Global warming faq: What every citizen needs to know about global warming. Retrieved from http://www.heartland.org/custom/semod_policybot/pdf/24311.pdf
Simonis, U. (2002). Global environmental governance: Speeding up the debate on a World Environment Organization. Berlin: Science Center Berlin.
Uras, U. (2013, June 05). What inspires turke’ys protest movement?. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/20136513414495277.html
Are International Trade and Protection of the Environment Enemies?
WTO. (n.d.). Early years: Emerging environment debate in GATT/WTO. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/hist1_e.htm
WTO. (1947). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: Article XX. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_02_e.htm
The Tuna-Dolphin Case
105th Congress. (n.d.). International dolphin conservation act. Public Law, 105-142. Retrieved from http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ42.105?dbname=105_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ42.105.
Mayer Brown. (2012, May 23). The WTO appellate body finds us dolphin-safe label rules discriminatory. Retrieved from http://www.mayerbrown.com/files/Publication/3a4b2e4a-eb59-4048-85b7-e31b02fcd922/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/a8ebc178-bad3-4229-8585-e452c0afb87e/GGT-WTO_Dolphin_Decision_0512.pdf
Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B., & Thewissen, J. (n.d.). The tuna-dolphin issue. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Retrieved from http://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?
World Trade Organization. (n.d.). EU versus U.S.: ‘son of dolphin-tuna. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis05_e.htm
World Trade Organization. (n.d.). Mexico etc. versus U.S.: ‘tuna-dolphin. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/edis04_e.htm
World Trade Organization. (n.d.). The World Trade Organization in Brief. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/doload_e/inbr_e.pdf
The Environment and NAFTA
CEC. (n.d.). Citizen submissions on enforcement matters. Retrieved from http://www.cec.org/grants/index.cfm?varlan=english
CEC. (n.d.). Grants for environmental cooperation. Retrieved from http://www.cec.org/citizen/status/index.cfm?varlan=english
Kelly, M. (1993). Nafta’s environmental side agreement: A review and analysis. Austin: Texas Center for Policy Studies. Retrieved from http://www.ciesin.org/docs/008-099/008-099i.html
The U.S. Congress Voter’s Database: 103rd congress 1st session. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/103/senate/1/votes/395/
World Trade Organization. (n.d.). Marrakesh agreements establishing the World Trade Organization. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto_e.htm
The Shrimp-Turtle Case in the New WTO Context
Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization. World Trade Organization WT/DS58/AB/R, (1998). United States—import prohibition of certain shrimp and shrimp products: Report of the Appellate Body.
Post Intelligencer Staff. (1999, November 23). The WTO case file: The shrimp-turtle case. Seattle PI. Retrieved from http://www.seattlepi.com/business/case1.shtml
The Doha Mandate on the Environment
Lamy, P. (2012, May 02). Lamy: Members continue to explore opportunities for Doha progress. Retrieved from http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news12_e/gc_rpt_01may12_e.htm
The Doha round and round and round. (2008, July 31). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11848592.
World Trade Organization. (n.d.). WTO and environment: The trade and environment committee, and Doha preparations.
World Trade Organization (n.d.) Doha WTO Ministerial 2001: Briefing Notes.
Trade in Wildlife
Begley, S. (2008, March 10). Extinction trade: Endangered animals are the new blood diamonds as militias and warlords use poaching to fund death. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/id/117875.
Black, R. (2011, July 14). Whaling meeting ‘ignores needs of whales’. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14153779
CITES. (2012, June 21). Experts report highest elephant poaching and ivory smuggling rates in a decade. Retrieved from http://www.cites.org/eng/news/pr/2012/20120621_elephant_poaching_ivory_smuggling.php
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml.
Engler, M., & Parry-Jones, R. (2007). The role of the European Union in wildlife trade. Environment and Poverty Times. Retrieved from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/the-economy-of-legal-wildlife-trade
Get active: 9 ways to make a statement about fur. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.furisdead.com/getActive.asp.
Ivory auction a disservice to conservation. WildLife Direct, Retrieved from http://richardleakey.wildlifedirect.org/2008/11/
Kilner, D. (2009, February 27). Elephant poaching increasing in kenya. Voice of America News. Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2009-02/2009-02-2voa30.cfm?CFID=218047948&CFTOKEN=74446329&jsessionid=88305ce9467192f9e961531a383d207cd163Le
Mcconnell, T. (2011, April 07). Is China killing Africa’s elephants. Global Post. Retrieved from http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/kenya/110406/elephant-poaching-ivory
Mukumbira, R. (2008, October 28). 1st legal ivory auction in ten years yields $1,300,000. National Geographic, Retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/10/081028-af-namibia-AP.html
National Geographic. (2008). Grisly wildlife trade [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjtEJHQluCQ
PETA. (2007, December 06). Eva Menendez reveals all. The PETA Files, Retrieved from http://blog.peta.org/archives/2007/12/eva_mendes_reve_1.php
RENCTAS. (2001). 1st national report on the traffic of wild animals. Brazil: Dupligráfica Publishing Company. Retrieved from http://www.renctas.org.br/files/RELATORIOINGLES_final.pdf.
Report on elephant poaching and ivory trade in the Amboseli area. (2009, February 14). Amboseli Trust for Elephants. Retrieved from: http://www.elephantrust.org
Traxler, C. (2009, January 13). Federal wildlife investigation leads to felony conviction of two Minnesota women for trafficking in illegal wildlife. USFWS Public Affairs. Retrieved from http://usfwsmidwest.blogspot.com/2009/01/federal-wildlife-investigation-leads-to.html
Spread of Invasive Species
Agriculture Internet Monitoring System. (n.d.). Brochure on invasive plants. Retrieved from http://www.cipm.info/cipmbrochures/APHIS/AIMS_Brochure.pdf.
EPA. (2012, July 23). Brown marmorated stink bug. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/controlling/stinkbugs/
Garhan, L. (2006, November 26). Biofuel crops: Panacea or pandora’s box?”. Weed Science Society of America, Retrieved from http://www.wssa.net/WSSA/PressRoom/WSSABiofuelPressRelease.pdf
Invasive species [Web]. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-V5513w1XSk
Lee, G., Hucal, C., & Galante, D. (n.d.). Zebra mussels vs. sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. University of Michigan, Retrieved from http://sitemaker.umich.edu/section8group3/methods_and_analysis
NatureServe. (2010). Invasive species. Retrieved from: http://www.natureserve.org/consIssues/invasivespecies.jsp
NISC. (n.d.). 2008-2012 national invasive species management plan. Retrieved from http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/invasiveplant-eis/Region-6-Inv-Plant-Toolbox/2008-New/2008-2012-National-Inv-Sp-Mgt-Plan.pdf
Nonindigenous Invasive Species. (n.d.). Channa argus. Retrieved from http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=2265.
Smith, J. (2005, July 11). Genetically modified corn study reveals health damage and cover-up. Retrieved from http://www.responsibletechnology.org/utility/showArticle/?objectID=221
Steiner, A. (2009, May 22). Time to get tough on alien species. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=585&ArticleID=6180&l=en
UNEP. (2001, May 22). UN celebrates international biological diversity day by highlighting threat of invasive alien species. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=201&ArticleID=2829
U.S. Forest Service. (2008). Invasive plant pest species of South Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/scinvasives.pdf
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (n.d.). Invasive plants defined: What they are and what they are not. Retrieved from http://www.fws.gov/invasives/volunteersTrainingModule/bigpicture/invasives.html
Vaugh, T., & Wesiberg, D. (2007, October 07). Invasive fish species are proving a shock to the ecosystem. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/07/sports/othersports/07outdoors.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=october72006,asiancarp&st=cse.
Weed Science Society of America. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wssa.net/WSSA/SciPolicy/InvasiveWeeds.htm
Loss of Biodiversity
Baumgartner, J. (2001). Biodiversity that mitigates pests in agroecosystems. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/bpsp/Agrobiodiversity/agrobiodiversitythematic/biodivmitpests.pdf.
CBD. (2001). Global biodiversity outlook 1. Retrieved from http://www.cbd.int/gbo1/
CIA. (2008). Country comparisons: GDP (purchasing power parity) 2008. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html
Costanza, R. (1997). Value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, Retrieved from http://www.uvm.edu/giee/publications/Nature_Paper.pdf
EU. (2007). Helping the world by preserving biodiversity [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L3QgCLyxvn4&feature=relate
Hails, C. (2008). Living Planet Report 2008. World Wildlife Fund, Retrieved from http://assets.panda.org/downloads/living_planet_report_2008.pdf
Loh, J. (2008). 2010 and beyond: Rising to the biodiversity challenge. World Wildlife Fund, Retrieved from http://www.wwf.org.au/publications/wwf-2010-and-beyond/
Roberson, E. (2008). Nature’s pharmacy, our treasure chest: Why we must conserve our natural heritage. Retrieved from http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Medicinal_Plants_042008_lores.pdf
UNEP. (2008, April 24). Biodiversity loss—it will make you sick. Retrieved from http://new.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.Print.asp?DocumentID=531&ArticleID=5775&l=en
UNEP. (2003). Tunza: Acting for a better world 2003. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/tunza.pdf
United Nations. (1992, June). Convention on biological diversity, Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://www.cbd.int/convention/articles.shtml?a=cbd-01.
World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.). WWF mission and guiding principles. Retrieved from http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/
WWF. (2012). Living Planet Report 2012. Retrieved from http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/1_lpr_2012_online_full_size_single_pages_final_120516.pdf
Oceans
Basler, K. (1998). The concept of the common heritage of mankind in international law. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200210/ai_n9115940/
CBD. (2012, May 22). International day for biological diversity. Retrieved from http://www.cbd.int/idb/2012/?ttl1
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science,162, 1243-1248.
Pareti, S. (2008, April). Operation save our coral reefs. Island Business, Retrieved from http://www.iyor.org/news/PDF/IB_April2008.pdf
UN Atlas of the Oceans. (n.d.). Human settlements on the coast: The ever more popular coasts. In UN Atlas of the Oceans: Uses. Retrieved from http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xODc3JjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~
UNEP. (2000). Geo-3: Global environment outlook. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/316.htm
World Prout Assembly. (2007, April 05). Coral reef destruction and conservation. Retrieved from http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/04/coral_reef_dest.html
Desertification
Dialo, H. A. (2007, June). Desertification: A threat to the livelihoods of millions of the world’s poorest people. IPS News. Retrieved from http://ipsnews.net/columns.asp?idnews=38153
UNCCD. (2002, August 28). Executive secretary urges the GEF assembly to designate the GEF as a financial mechanism of the UNCCD. Retrieved from http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/pressrel/showpressrel.php?pr=press28_08_02
UNESCO. (n.d.). Education kit on desertification: Learning about desertification, a teacher’s guide. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001258/125816e.pdf.
United Nations. (1992). Convention to combat desertification: Status of ratification and entry into force. Rio De Janeiro. Retrieved from http://www.unccd.int/convention/ratif/doeif.php
Global Warming
Bradsher, K. (2006, November 07). China to pass U.S. in 2009 in emissions. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/business/worldbusiness/07pollute.html?_r=1&scp=75&sq=November7,2006&st=cse
Carrington, D. (2013, May 10). Global carbon dioxide in atmosphere passes milestone level. The Guardian. Retrieved from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/may/10/carbon-dioxide-highest-level-greenhouse-gas
Doyle, A. (2013, January 22). Obama wins praise abroad for climate change goals. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/22/us-climate-obama-reaction-idUSBRE90L0NC20130122
Earth Policy Institute. (2008). Eco-economy indicators. Retrieved from http://www.earth-policy.org/Indicators/Temp/2004.htm
Effects of global warming. (2007). National Geographic, Retrieved from http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-effects.html
Gallagher, K. (2002, February 19). Bush’s hot air plan. International Relations Center: Foreign Policy in Focus. Retrieved from http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2002/0202greenhouse.html
Increase in U.S. greenhouse gas emissions reported. (2006, April 18). Environmental News Service. Retrieved from http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2006/2006-04-18-02.asp
Krugman, P. (2008, June 18). The conscience of a liberal. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved from http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/dont-worry-be-happy/?scp=2&sq=June 18 2008, chinaemissions&st=cse
Martinson, E. (2013, May 25). Where’s President Obama’s climate agenda?. Politico. Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/story/2013/05/obama-climate-change-agenda-91877.html
McGregor, R. (2007, June 04). China urges rich nation to lead on climate. Financial Times. Retrieved from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/34ef96a2-1258-11dc-a475-000b5df10621.html?nclick_check=1
National Geographic. (2007). Global warming 101 [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJCugs
PBL. (2011). Long term trends in global co2 emissions. Retrieved from http://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/C02Mondiaal_webdef_19sept.pdf
Schelling, T. C. (2002). What makes greenhouse sense?. Foreign Affairs, 81(3),
Sharma, D. (2012, December 13). After Superstorm Sandy, climate change debate stalls in Doha. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/12/2012121383621533408.html
UNEP. (2007, February 02). Evidence of human-caused global warming ‘unequivocal,’ says JPCC. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=499&ArticleID=5506&l=en.
UNFCCC. (n.d.). Facing and surveying the problem. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/essential_background/feeling_the_heat/items/2914.php
United Nations. (1997). UN framework convention on climate change: Kyoto protocol. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php
US Environmental Protection Agency, (2009). National goal to reduce emissions intensity. Retrieved from website: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/policy/intensitygoal.html
The White House. (2009). Issues: Energy and environment. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/energy_and_environment/
Ozone Depletion
Clark, J. (2003). Uses of Halogenalkanes. Retrieved from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/haloalkanes/uses.html
Krupa, S. V., & Hans-Jurg, J. Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, (1996). Effects of elevated levels of ultraviolet (uv)-b radiation and ozone (o3) on crop growth and productivity. Retrieved from website: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W5183E/w5183e09.htm
Multilateral Fund. (2003). Welcome. Retrieved from http://www.multilateralfund.org/
NASA, (2009). Ozone Hole Watch. Retrieved from website: http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Nations ramp up phase-out of ozone killers. (2007, September 23). Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20925073/
The ozone hole. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.theozonehole.com/2010ozone.htm
Ozone Watch. (2012, September 21). Annual records. Retrieved from http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/meteorology/annual_data.html
Sparling, B. NASA, (n.d.). Stratospheric ozone depletion. Retrieved from website: http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/ozone.html
UN Environment Programme, (2008). Backgrounder: Basic facts and data on the science and politics of ozone depletion.
United Nations. (1987). The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, Montreal. Retrieved from http://ozone.unep.org/Ratification_status/
United Nations. (1985). Vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer, Vienna. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/ozone/vc-text.shtml
Pollution
Hoornweg, D. (2012, March). What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. Retrieved from http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/07/25/000333037_20120725004131/
Rendered/PDF/681350WP0REVIS0at0a0Waste20120Final.pdf
OECD. Organization for Economic Development, (2008).OECD environmental data compendium 2006-2008.
OECD. Organization for Economic Development, (2001).OECD environmental outlook
O’Neill, K. (1999). Hazardous waste disposal. International Relations Center: Foreign Policy In Focus , 4(1), Retrieved from http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol4/v4n01haz.html
Schafer, K. S. (2002). Global toxic treaties: U.S. leadership opportunity slips away. International Relations Center: Foreign Policy In Focus. 7(11), Retrieved from http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol7/v7n11toxics.html
Shaw, R. (1991). International policy dimensions of population and environment. Retrieved from http://www.popline.org/docs/0972/075387.html
United Nations. (1992). Basel convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. Basel. Retrieved from http://www.basel.int/text/documents.html
United Nations. (2001). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Stockholm. Retrieved from http://chm.pops.int/Convention/tabid/54/language/en-US/Default.aspx
Is Sustainable Development the Way Forward?
Beatly, T. (2004). Planning for sustainability in European cities: A review of practices in leading cities. In S. Wheeler & T. Beatly (Eds.), The Sustainable Urban Development Reader, Routledge.
Doyle, A., & Stoddard, E. (2002, September 04). Powell jeered as Earth Summit settles pact. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0904-01.htm
Loong, Y. S. (2002, June). The battle of Bali: The last stop before the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Third World Network. Retrieved from http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/wssd2.htm
UNEP. (1992). Rio declaration on environment and development. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163&l=en
United Nations. (1992). Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/index.htm
United Nations. World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987). Our common future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Retrieved from website: http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm
Next: Suggested Readings